Gold-Mushroom Microelectrode Arrays and the Quest for Intracellular-Like Recordings: Perspectives and Outlooks

Abstract

The ongoing search to decode the brain communication system has propelled major advancements in bioelectronics research. From these, planar microelectrode arrays (MEAs) offer the possibility to record neuronal signals for extremely long periods of time and to probe fundamental principles of learning and adaptation. Unfortunately, MEAs have low neuronal coupling and are thus insensitive to sub-threshold neuronal signals such as post-synaptic responses. To surpass this major limitation, a novel category based on 3D high aspect ratio microstructures has emerged. In particular, gold-mushroom microelectrode arrays (GM mu EAs) have appeared as a solution. Their unique morphology, promoting cell engulfment without penetrating the neuron, prevents the occurrence of cell repairing mechanisms common in other microelectrodes. This new class of recording and/or stimulating devices have opened the door to the vast communication system of neuronal cells by enhancing the cell-microelectrode interface. This review compiles the fundamentals of these promising devices including their fabrication, work principles and focusing on how the different morphological parameters affect the recording performance. Although limitations exist, there is a growing interest to explore the new solutions that GM mu EAs still offer, both as an electrophysiological tool (e.g., cell guidance) or in applications such as plasmonics.