Management of patients with ocular arterial ischemic diseases: a review

Abstract

Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO), branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO), arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AAION), non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION), and ocular ischemic syndrome (OIS) are causes of monocular vision loss, due to arterial ischemia, either acute or chronic. However, the clinical presentation of these conditions differs not only between them but also between patients with the same diagnosis. Moreover, many of them share similar risk factors with stroke calling for an increased attention not to miss the opportunity for secondary prevention of cerebrovascular diseases. Furthermore, the prognosis of these patients usually depends on a fast and accurate management. Unfortunately, treatment options have not yet been standardized for most of these conditions. In this review, we aim to summarize the existing treatment options, including newer ones that show potential. We also propose an approach to manage and treat these patients, from a systemic point of view.