Non-negotiable developer obligations for highly profitable uses: a case study in Portugal

Abstract

Land value capture policies - that aim at recovering the unearned increments accrued by urban plans or public investments - have been increasingly used by planners and local decision makers - due to shrinking incomes from traditional fiscal sources, on the one hand, and to the need to catch other instruments to fund local infrastructures, on the other. This betterment recovery may be processed either through fiscal instruments (taxes, contributions, or exactions), or through local improvements on the general behalf of communities (namely through infrastructure provision).