A Comprehensive Laboratory Experiment on the Synthesis and Characterization of Sustainable Carbon Materials from Wastes

Abstract

This paper presents a learning laboratory experiment suitable for chemical engineering students of all graduation levels. The activity begins with hydrothermal carbonization to produce carbon-rich hydrochars from biomass precursors, which are then carbonized/activated to enhance porosity and surface area. The resulting materials are analyzed using different techniques to characterize their surface, textural and electrical properties and also their particle size, composition and thermal stability. The main goals of this activity were the development of technical competences in the synthesis and characterization of carbon materials, as well as personal competences like autonomy, teamwork, time management, work planning and communication skills, among others. Overall, the proposed pedagogical objectives were accomplished. The participating students were quite positive when asked about the utility and benefit of the work conducted and the learning outcomes. In contrast, nonparticipating students showed eagerness to participate in the future. Survey results show strong student support for hands-on experiments, particularly characterizing waste-derived porous materials. This practical approach is valuable for deepening understanding, enhancing career readiness, and fostering engagement with sustainability.