Cementitious mortar formulation for extrusion-based additive manufacturing using mussel shells and pozzolanic materials to develop artificial reefs and enhance marine ecosystem

Abstract

Coral reefs are experiencing significant impacts due to climate change, overfishing, habitat loss, and pollution. This global decline poses serious implications for future marine biodiversity, as coral reefs support a high diversity of marine species. This study explores the potential of cementitious mortar formulations for use as coral propagation substrates and the development of artificial reef through additive manufacturing by extrusion. By examining the physical and chemical properties of the materials employed, the study analyzes seawater parameters, pH variations, and coral growth rates in both horizontal and vertical directions. Following successful results, the data obtained is being applied to develop artificial reefs, including the incorporation of plasticizers and adjustments to the proportion of materials to ensure mechanical resistance and biocompatibility with marine species