Desenvolvimento de sensor-isolador ativo para smart grids

Abstract

Smart Grids emerged to fulfill the need for a reliable power distribution grid with minimal environmental impact. The concept is attainable by optimizing renewable energy use and controlling the network quality and demand with an adequate management system. In the interest of guaranteeing an efficient Smart Grid, data acquisition systems must assist the management system with real-time information. Voltage and current are the two most important parameters to measure in the grid, therefore requiring accurate voltage and current sensors.

Several techniques are implemented to develop this type of sensors, the most relevant ones are conferred in the state-of-art review, both voltage and current sensors with special focus on potential dividers in respect of voltage sensors, and high voltage and high current applications.

Unwanted phenomena, such as stray effects or temperature dependencies, create uncertainties on the measurements. For this reason, sensors require calibration before application, to understand how to proceed during calibration, the document goes through the various dependencies and calibration norms.

The calibration process is to correct a sensor output so it can record grid parameters with the desired accuracy. Calibrating a sensor is made possible by adopting a passive or active method, depending on the type of the sensor (active or passive). Active calibration main distinction from passive calibration is the need for an external source of power. The comparison of both methods will explore limitations, advantages and how they improve sensors.