Guidelines on: COVID-19 vaccine induced thrombosis, bleeding, and thrombocytopenia

After widespread vaccination with COVID-19 vaccines, there have been worldwide reports on thrombosis, bleeding, and thrombocytopenia. Recently, a rare syndrome with a high mortality rate consisting of an unusual combination of thrombocytopenia and thrombosis, in particular cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, which clinically resembles heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, was reported following vaccination. Different statements and recommendations were developed regarding the definition, diagnosis,...

Recommendations for genetic testing in cardiology: Review of major international guidelines

In recent years, the importance of genetic causes of cardiovascular diseases has been increasingly recognized, as the result of significant advances in molecular diagnosis techniques. This growing knowledge has enabled the identification of new phenotypes and the subclassification of clinical syndromes, impacting the therapeutic approach and genetic counseling offered to affected families. This paper describes the state of the art of genetic testing in the main cardiovascular diseases, aiming...

Association between serum Vitamin D and diabetic retinopathy in Portuguese patients with type 1 diabetes

Introduction: Recently, vitamin D has gained importance as a diabetes risk modifier. Our aim was to assess the association between serum vitamin D levels and the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 1 diabetes. Material and Methods: Retrospective review of a population of patients with type 1 diabetes followed in a Portuguese tertiary center. Patients were included if they had an ophthalmological evaluation and a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level determination within the sam...

Chronic and Refractory Migraine: How to Diagnose and Treat

Migraine is highly prevalent and carries a significant personal, social and economic burden. It is the second cause of disability (years living with disability) worldwide and the first cause under 50 years of age. Chronic migraine (occurring for more than 15 days a month) and refractory migraine (treatment resistant), especially when there is also analgesic overuse, are the most disabling forms of migraine. These three disorders (chronic migraine, refractory migraine and medication overuse he...